The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves1

نویسندگان

  • Leah R. Gerber
  • Selina S. Heppell
  • Enric Sala
چکیده

Marine reserves are rapidly becoming an important tool for protection and recovery of depleted marine populations. However, the relative value of reserves to particular species is strongly dependent on its life history and behavior. We present a general conceptual framework for considering dispersal in simple demographic models. This framework includes transition matrices that consist of two age-structured models connected by transition probabilities for general migration, ontogenetic shifts, and recruitment in both a reserve and an unprotected area. We show that life history characteristics and perturbation analysis can be used to predict changes in growth rate due to a decrease in adult mortality resulting from a marine reserve for different levels and types of dispersal. Reserves enhanced growth rate for all species irrespective of net dispersal between the reserve and surrounding matrix habitat, but the efficacy of reserves relative to catch reduction depended significantly on the magnitude and sign of net dispersal across the reserve boundary. Patterns of reserve efficacy across different dispersal types were strongly species specific. Given the paucity of spatially explicit data for many marine systems and species, this simple approach represents a first step in applying life history information to advance current theory and provide practical considerations for marine reserve management. Résumé : Les réserves marines sont vite en train de devenir des outils importants pour la protection et la récupération des populations marines décimées. Cependant, la valeur relative des réserves pour une espèce en particulier dépend de son cycle biologique et de son comportement. Nous présentons un cadre conceptuel général pour examiner la dispersion dans des modèles démographiques simples. Ce cadre comprend des matrices de transition qui consistent en deux modèles structurés d’après l’âge reliés par des probabilités de transition pour la migration générale, les changements ontogéniques et le recrutement dans une zone de réserve et dans une zone sans protection. Nous montrons que les caractéristiques démographiques et l’analyse de perturbation peuvent servir à prédire les changements du taux de croissance causés par un déclin de la mortalité des adultes associé à la présence d’une réserve marine pour divers degrés et types de dispersion. Les réserves font augmenter le taux de croissance chez toutes les espèces, quelle que soit la dispersion nette entre la réserve et la matrice d’habitats avoisinants; cependant, l’efficacité de la réserve, par comparaison à une réduction des captures, dépend de façon significative de l’importance et du signe de la dispersion nette à travers les frontières de la réserve. Les patrons d’efficacité des réserves en fonction des types de dispersion varient fortement selon les espèces. Étant donné le peu de données spatiales spécifiques sur de nombreux systèmes marins et espèces de mer, cette approche simple représente un premier pas vers l’application des données démographiques pour améliorer la théorie actuelle et pour fournir des informations pratiques pour la gestion des réserves marines. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Gerber et al. 871

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تاریخ انتشار 2005